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The Regionalism Art Movement |
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Regionalism is an American realist modern art movement that includes paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small-town America primarily in the Midwest. It arose in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression and ended in the 1940s due to the end of World War II and a lack of development within the movement. |
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The Regionalism Art Movement
Regionalism is an American realist modern art movement that includes paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small-town America primarily in the Midwest. It arose in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression and ended in the 1940s due to the end of World War II and a lack of development within the movement.
American Regionalism reached its height of popularity from 1930 to 1935, as it was widely appreciated for its reassuring images of the American heartland during the Great Depression. Despite major stylistic differences between specific artists, Regionalist art in general was in a relatively conservative and traditionalist style that appealed to popular American sensibilities, while strictly opposing the perceived domination of French art.
Regionalism is best known through its "Regionalist Triumvirate" consisting of the three most highly respected artists of America's Great Depression era: Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry. All three studied art in Paris, but devoted their lives to creating a truly American form of art. They believed that the solution to urban problems in American life and the Great Depression was for the United States to return to its rural, agricultural roots.
Grant Wood
Grant Wood, from Anamosa, Iowa, is best known for his painting American Gothic. He also wrote a notable pamphlet titled Revolt Against the City, published in Iowa City in 1935, in which he asserted that American artists and buyers of art were no longer looking to Parisian culture for subject matter and style. Wood wrote that Regional artists interpret the physiography, industry, and psychology of their hometown and that the competition of these preceding elements create American culture. He wrote that the lure of the city was gone, and hoped that part of the widely diffused "whole people" would prevail. He cited Thomas Jefferson's characterization of cities as "ulcers on the body politic."
Thomas Hart Benton
Benton, a painter, illustrator, and lithographer from Neosho, Missouri, became widely known for his murals. His subject matter mostly depicted scenes of American life in the Midwest and South. He was particularly interested in the Mississippi River and its tributaries, which he saw as a unifying force in American culture.
John Steuart Curry
Curry, from Dunavant, Kansas, is best known for his paintings of rural Midwestern life. His work often depicted the struggles and triumphs of farmers and other rural workers. He was particularly interested in the role of religion in rural communities, and many of his paintings featured scenes from Baptist revival meetings.
Regionalism vs. Social Realism
American Scene Painting is an umbrella term for American Regionalism and Social Realism otherwise known as Urban Realism. Much of American Scene Painting conveys a sense of nationalism and romanticism in depictions of everyday American life. This sense of nationalism stemmed from artists' rejection of modern art trends after World War I and the Armory Show. During the 1930s, these artists documented and depicted American cities, small towns, and rural landscapes; some did so as a way to return to a simpler time away from industrialization, whereas others sought to make a political statement and lent their art to revolutionary and radical causes. The works which stress local and small-town themes are often called "American Regionalism", and those depicting urban scenes, with political and social consciousness are called "Social Realism".
Regionalism is influenced by both 19th-century realism and Romanticism, adhering to a fidelity of description in the narrative but also infusing the tale with exotic or unfamiliar customs, objects, and people. Literary critics argue that nineteenth-century literary regionalism helped preserve American regional identities while also contributing to domestic reunification efforts after the Civil War.
Regionalism is characterized by a focus on the setting of the story, often to such a degree that it appears little else happens beyond description of the setting and people; characters that are somewhat stereotypical, offering a picture of (actual or perceived) common traits from that region; a great deal of nostalgia and resistance to change; use of local dialect, especially in the dialogue; and thick description of people, places, and things that the author means to highlight.
Regional Writers
American literary regionalism, often used interchangeably with the term "local color", is a style or genre of writing in the United States that gained popularity in the mid-to-late 19th century and early 20th century. In this style of writing, which includes both poetry and prose, the setting is particularly
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