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The Academicism Art Movement |
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Academic art, also known as academicism or pompier art, is a style of painting and sculpture that emerged in the 19th century under the influence of European academies of art. The term 'academic' refers to the adherence to traditional forms and techniques taught in these academies, which were considered authoritative and influential during this period.... |
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The Academicism Art Movement
Academic art, also known as academicism or pompier art, is a style of painting and sculpture that emerged in the 19th century under the influence of European academies of art. The term 'academic' refers to the adherence to traditional forms and techniques taught in these academies, which were considered authoritative and influential during this period.
History
The first academy of art was founded in Florence in Italy by Cosimo I de' Medici, on 13 January 1563, under the influence of the architect Giorgio Vasari who called it the Accademia e Compagnia delle Arti del Disegno (Academy and Company for the Arts of Drawing). This institution served as a model for the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded in France in 1648, which later became the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture was founded in an effort to distinguish artists 'who were gentlemen practicing a liberal art' from craftsmen, who were engaged in manual labor. This emphasis on the intellectual component of artmaking had a considerable impact on the subjects and styles of academic art.
Characteristics
Academic art is closely related to Beaux-Arts architecture, which developed in the same place and holds to a similar classicizing ideal. The movement valued large history paintings showing moments from narratives that were very often taken from old or exotic areas of history, though less often the traditional religious narratives. Orientalist art was a major branch, with many specialist painters, as had scenes from classical antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Artists
Some notable artists associated with the Academicism movement include Jean Léon Gérôme, William Adolphe Bouguereau, Thomas Couture, and Hans Makart. These artists are known for their stylish depictions of members of high society in Third Republic France, as well as their synthesis of Neoclassicism and Romanticism.
Decline and Rejection
Although production continued into the 20th century, the style had become vacuous, and was strongly rejected by the artists of new art movements such as Impressionism. By World War I it had fallen from favour almost completely with critics and buyers, returning somewhat to favour at the end of the 20th century.
Academic Dress
The term 'academic' is also used in reference to academic dress, which is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings worn mainly by those who have obtained a university degree or hold a status that entitles them to assume it. Contemporarily, it is commonly seen only at graduation ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was, and to a lesser degree in many ancient universities still is, worn daily.
Academic Freedom
The term 'academic' is also used in reference to academic freedom, which is the right of a teacher to instruct and the right of a student to learn in an academic setting unhampered by outside interference. It may also include the right of academics to engage in social and political criticism. Academic freedom is often premised on the conviction that freedom of inquiry by faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy as well as the principles of academia, and that scholars should have freedom to teach or communicate ideas or facts (including those that are inconvenient to external political groups or to authorities) without fear of repression, job loss, or imprisonment.
Academic art is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies of art, usually used of work produced in the 19th century, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. In this period the standards of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts were very influential, combining elements of Neoclassicism and Romanticism, with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres a key figure in the formation of the style in painting. Later painters who tried to continue the synthesis included William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Thomas Couture, and Hans Makart among many others. In this context it is often called 'academism', 'academicism', 'art pompier' (pejoratively), and 'eclecticism', and sometimes linked with 'historicism' and 'syncretism.' Academic art is closely related to Beaux-Arts architecture, which developed in the same place and holds to a similar classicizing ideal.
Although production continued into the 20th century, the style had become vacuous, and was strongly rejected by the artists of set of new art movements, of which Impressionism was one of the first. By World War I it had fallen from favour almost completely with critics and buyers, returning somewhat to favour at the end of the 20th century.
Although smaller works such as portraits, landscapes and still-lifes were often produced (and often sold more easily), the movement and the contemporary public and critics most valued large history paintings showing moments from narr
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